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Overview of the role of the U.S. state of Florida during the American Civil War

Florida

Flag of Florida
Flag

State seal of Florida
Seal


The Confederate States of America
Map of the Confederate States
Capital Tallahassee
Largest urban center Pensacola
Admitted to the Confederacy April 22, 1861 (7th)
Population
  • 140,424 total
  •  • 78,679 gratuitous
  •  • 61,745 slave
Forces supplied
  • - Amalgamated troops: fifteen,000
    - Marriage troops: 2,000 (1,000 white; ane,000 black)[1] [2] total
Major garrisons/armories Fort Pickens
Governor Madison Perry (1861)
John Milton (1861–1865)
Abraham Allison (1865)
Senators Augustus Maxwell
James Baker
Representatives List
Restored to the Union June 25, 1868

Florida participated in the American Civil State of war as a member of the Confederate States of America. It had been admitted to the United States as a slave land in 1845. In January 1861, Florida became the tertiary Southern state to secede from the Matrimony after the November 1860 presidential election victory of Abraham Lincoln. Information technology was one of the initial vii slave states which formed the Confederacy on Feb 8, 1861, in advance of the American Civil War.

Florida had by far the smallest population of the Amalgamated states with about 140,000 residents, nearly one-half of them enslaved people. As such, Florida sent around 15,000 troops to the Amalgamated ground forces, the vast majority of which were deployed elsewhere during the war. The state's chief importance was every bit a source of cattle and other food supplies for the Confederacy, and as an entry and exit location for blockade-runners who used its many bays and small inlets to evade the Union Navy.

At the outbreak of war, the Amalgamated government seized many United States facilities in the state, though the Wedlock retained control of Primal West, Fort Jefferson, and Fort Pickens for the duration of the disharmonize. The Confederate strategy was to defend the vital farms in the interior of Florida at the expense of coastal areas. As the war progressed and southern resources dwindled, forts and towns forth the coast were increasingly left undefended, allowing Union forces to occupy them with little or no resistance. Fighting in Florida was largely limited to small skirmishes with the exception of the Battle of Olustee, fought virtually Lake Metropolis in Feb 1864, when a Confederate army of over 5000 repelled a Matrimony attempt to disrupt Florida'south nutrient-producing region. Wartime conditions made it easier for enslaved people to escape, and many became useful informants to Matrimony commanders. Deserters from both sides took refuge in the Florida wilderness, often attacking Amalgamated units and looting farms.

The war ended in April 1865. By the following calendar month, United States command of Florida had been re-established, slavery had been abolished, and Florida'south Confederate governor John Milton had committed suicide by gunshot. Florida was formally readmitted to the United States in 1868.

Background [edit]

Florida had been a Spanish territory for 300 years before being transferred to the United states in 1821. The population at the time was quite small, with most residents concentrated in the towns of St. Augustine on the Atlantic coast and Pensacola on the western end of the panhandle. The interior of the Florida Territory was dwelling to the Seminole and Blackness Seminole along with scattered pioneers. Steamboat navigation was well established on the Apalachicola River and St. Johns River and railroads were planned, but transportation through the interior remained very difficult and growth was irksome. A series of wars to forcibly remove the Seminoles from their lands raged off and on from the 1830s until the 1850s, further slowing development.

By 1840, the English language-speaking population of Florida outnumbered those of Castilian colonial descent. The overall population had reached 54,477 people, with African slaves making up almost half.[n i]

Florida was admitted to the spousal relationship equally the 27th state on March 3, 1845, when it had a population of 66,500, including almost xxx,000 people held in slavery.[4] By 1861, Florida's population had increased to about 140,000, of which about 63,000 were enslaved persons. Their forced labor deemed for 85 percentage of the country's cotton product, with most large slave-belongings plantations concentrated in middle Florida, a swath of fertile farmland stretching across the northern panhandle approximately centered on the state capital at Tallahassee.

1860 U.South. presidential election [edit]

Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention, and later nominated U.S. Vice President John C. Breckinridge to run for their party. While Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 U.S. presidential election, Breckinridge won in Florida.[5] Inside days the election, a large gathering of Marion County pioneers was held in Ocala to need secession. Its motions were brought to the attention of the Florida House of Representatives past Rep. Daniel A. Vogt.[half dozen]

Secession and confederation [edit]

Although the Compromise of 1850 was unpopular in Florida, the secession movement in 1851 and 1852 did not proceeds much traction.[7] A series of events in subsequent years exacerbated divisions.[vii] By January 1860, talk of conflict had progressed to the point that Senators Stephen Mallory and David Levy Yulee jointly requested from the War Department a statement of munitions and equipment in Florida forts.

Following the ballot of Lincoln, a special secession convention formally known as the "Convention of the People of Florida" was chosen past Governor Madison S. Perry to talk over secession from the Union.[8] [7] [9] Delegates were selected in a statewide election, and met in Tallahassee on January 3, 1861.[10] [11] Virginia planter and firebrand Edmund Ruffin came to the convention to advocate for secession.[12] L-ane of the 69 convention members held slaves in 1860.[13] Just seven of the delegates were born in Florida.[fourteen]

On January five, McQueen McIntosh introduced a series of resolutions defining the purpose of the convention and the constitutionality of secession.[15] John C. McGehee, who was involved in drafting Florida's original constitution and became a estimate, was elected the convention president.[16] [17] Leonidas W. Spratt of South Carolina gave an impassioned speech[18] for secession.[19] Edward Bullock of Alabama also spoke to conventioneers.[7] William Due south. Harris was the convention's secretarial assistant. On January 7, the vote was overwhelmingly in favor of immediate secession, delegates voting sixty-ii to 7 to withdraw Florida from the Matrimony.[20]

The group with the most sway that opposed secession in Florida was the Constitutional Union Political party, which had several supporting newspapers including Tallahassee'due south Florida Sentry. The party held information technology's convention in June 1860 and had nominated the editor of the Spotter, Benjamin F. Allen, for Congress. Despite being against secession, the party was composed mostly of slave-owning planters and conservative democrats.[21]

Individuals who opposed secession included Bourgeois plantation owner and former Seminole War military commander Richard Keith Telephone call, who advocated for restraint and judiciousness.[22] His daughter Ellen Call Long wrote that upon being told of the vote outcome by its supporters, Call raised his cane above his head and told the delegates who came to his house, "And what take you done? You have opened the gates of hell, from which shall flow the curses of the damned, which shall sink you to perdition."[22] In response, Call, and others against secession, were called names like "submissionists" and "Union Shriekers." Pro-unionists in Florida not only faced public ridicule, some could be attacked and fifty-fifty killed. I example was the case of William Hollingsworth who was shot at and seriously wounded by a group of secessionists who chosen themselves regulators.[23]

A formal Ordinance of Secession was introduced for fence on January 8. The primary topic of debate was whether Florida should immediately secede or wait until other southern states such as Alabama officially chose to secede.[24] Outspoken supporters of secession at the conference included Governor Perry and Governor-elect John Milton. Jackson Morton and George Taliaferro Ward attempted to have the ordinance amended so that Florida would non secede earlier Georgia and Alabama, but their proposal was voted down. When Ward signed the Ordinance he stated "When I die, I want it inscribed upon my tombstone that I was the last human being to give up the ship."[25]

On January ten, 1861, the delegates formally adopted the Ordinance of Secession, which declared that the "nation of Florida" had withdrawn from the "American union."[26] Florida was the third state to secede, post-obit Southward Carolina and Mississippi. Past the following calendar month, six states had seceded;[27] These six had the largest population of enslaved people among the Southern states.

Secession was alleged and a public anniversary held on the east steps of the Florida capitol the following mean solar day; an Ordinance of Secession was signed past 69 people.[11] [28] [8] The secession ordinance of Florida simply declared its severing of ties with the federal Union, without stating any causes.[29] According to historian William C. Davis, "protection of slavery" was "the explicit reason" for Florida'southward secession, likewise every bit for the creation of the Confederacy itself.[thirty] Supporters of secession included the St. Augustine Examiner.[31] Word of the upshot in favor of secession was met with celebrations in Tampa.[ citation needed ]. The governors of Georgia and Mississippi sent telegrams affirming support for immediate secession.[12]

The men who attended Florida's secession convention.

Afterward, the Florida secession convention formed a committee to draft a declaration of causes, just the committee was discharged before completing the task.[32] Only an undated, untitled draft remains.[33] During the secession convention, president John McGehee stated: "At the South and with our people, of course, slavery is the element of all value, and a destruction of that destroys all that is belongings. This party, at present soon to have possession of the powers of government, is sectional, irresponsible to us, and, driven on by an infuriated, fanatical madness that defies all opposition, must inevitably destroy every vestige of right growing out of property in slaves."[34]

The delegates adopted a new country constitution and within a month the state joined other southern states to form the Amalgamated States of America.[20] Florida's Senator Mallory was selected to be Secretary of the Navy in the first Amalgamated cabinet under president Jefferson Davis. The convention had further meetings in 1861 and into 1862. In that location was a Unionist minority in the state, an chemical element that grew as the war progressed.

Florida sent a three-homo delegation to the 1861-62 Provisional Confederate Congress, which offset met in Montgomery, Alabama, and and so in the new capital of Richmond, Virginia. The delegation consisted of Jackson Morton, James Byeram Owens, and James Patton Anderson, who resigned April 8, 1861, and was replaced by Thousand. T. Ward. Ward served from May 1861 until Feb 1862, when he resigned and was replaced by John Pease Sanderson.

In June 1861, the Amalgamated government split Florida upward into military districts led by Confederate commanders who were given the power to requisition soldiers from the governor, more specifically from the state'southward militia. By March 1862, the state convention had abolished the state militia in an effort to create a more unified Confederate military organization.[35]

Ceremonious War [edit]

Blockade [edit]

As Florida was an important supply road for the Amalgamated army, Union forces operated a blockade around the entire land. The 8,436-mile coastline and eleven,000 miles of rivers, streams, and waterways proved a haven for occludent runners and a daunting task for patrols by Federal warships.

Governor John Milton, an ardent secessionist, throughout the war stressed the importance of Florida as a supplier of appurtenances, rather than personnel. Florida was a large provider of food (particularly beef cattle) and salt for the Amalgamated Army. The Confederates too attempted to use the shut proximity of Florida with Republic of cuba to continue trade with Spain and the remainder of Europe and to develop relationships with the Spanish regime in the hopes that they would help the Confederate war effort or, at the least, not hamper it.[36]

Union troops occupied major ports such as Apalachicola, Cedar Central, Jacksonville, Key West, and Pensacola early in the war. USSHatteras had blockade duty in Apalachicola, and, in January 1862, was part of a Wedlock naval strength which landed in Cedar Key and burned several ships, a pier, and flatcars.[37]

Slavery [edit]

The bulk of enslaved people, much similar the majority of the white population, resided in Due north Florida during the war, while Southern Florida, aside from Fundamental Westward, remained a largely "undeveloped frontier."[38] Amalgamated authorities used enslaved people every bit teamsters to ship supplies and as laborers in salt works and fisheries. Many enslaved people working in these coastal industries escaped to the relative condom of Spousal relationship-controlled enclaves during the war. In item, many enslaved people fled to Cardinal Due west considering of the relatively large free black population (the 1860 census for Key West lists 2302 white people, 435 enslaved people, and 156 complimentary black people) and the presence of a Union garrison. The Matrimony army utilized slave labor south of the Bricklayer Dixon line. During 1861 and 1862, the Department of State of war'due south payroll showed that Fort Zachary Taylor averaged forty-five slave laborers per month.[39] Beginning in 1862, Matrimony military action in East and West Florida encouraged enslaved people in plantation areas to flee their owners in search of freedom. Planter fears of uprisings by enslaved people increased as the war went on.[40]

Some worked on Union ships and, get-go in 1863, more than a k enlisted as soldiers in the United States Colored Troops (USCT) or as sailors in the Spousal relationship Navy.[41] Companies D and I of the 2nd USCT were moved from their station at Key Westward to Fort Myers on April twenty, 1864. These men would proceed to aid disrupt the Confederate cattle supply and help free enslaved people in the area.[42] In mid-May 1864, a delegation of Miccosukee entered Fort Myers and told Spousal relationship officers there that they had been lied to and treated poorly past the Confederates. The appearance of black soldiers as part of the garrison in that location helped further convince the Native Americans to work with Federal troops rather than their Confederate counterparts.[43]

In Jan 1865, Spousal relationship General William T. Sherman issued Special Field Orders No. xv that set aside a portion of Florida every bit designated territory for delinquent and freed former enslaved people who had accompanied his command during its March to the Body of water. These controversial orders were not enforced in Florida, and were later revoked past President Andrew Johnson.

Deserters [edit]

Growing public dissatisfaction with Confederate conscription and impressment policies encouraged desertion by Confederate soldiers. Several Florida counties became havens for Florida deserters, likewise as deserters from other Amalgamated states. Deserter bands attacked Confederate patrols, launched raids on plantations, confiscated slaves, stole cattle, and provided intelligence to Union army units and naval blockaders. Although well-nigh deserters formed their ain raiding bands or simply tried to remain free from Confederate authorities, other deserters and Unionist Floridians, joined regular Federal units for military service in Florida.[forty]

Battles [edit]

Overall, the state raised some 15,000 troops for the Confederacy, which were organized into twelve regiments of infantry and two of cavalry, as well as several artillery batteries and supporting units. The state'southward small population (140,000 residents making it last in size in the Confederacy), relatively remote location, and meager industry limited its overall strategic importance. The battles in Florida are mostly numerous modest skirmishes, equally neither army aggressively sought control of the land.

Forts [edit]

Governor Milton also worked to strengthen the state militia and to improve fortifications and key defensive positions. Confederate forces moved quickly to seize command of many of Florida'south U.S. Ground forces forts, succeeding in almost cases, with the meaning exceptions of Fort Jefferson, Fort Pickens and Fort Zachary Taylor, which stayed firmly in Federal control throughout the war.

Confederates at a captured Pensacola fort.

On Jan 10, 1861, the solar day Florida declared its secession from the Union, Adam J. Slemmer destroyed over twenty,000 pounds (nine,100 kg) of gunpowder at Fort McRee. He so spiked the guns at Fort Barrancas and moved his force to Fort Pickens. Braxton Bragg commanded the Battle of Pensacola.

Erstwhile site of the Brick Church building.

On October 9, Confederates, including the 1st Florida Infantry, commanded by convention delegate James Patton Anderson, tried to accept the fort at the Battle of Santa Rosa Island.[44] They were unsuccessful, and Harvey Chocolate-brown planned a counter. On November 22, all Wedlock guns at Fort Pickens and two ships, the Niagara and Richmond, targeted Fort McRee.[45] On January one, at that place was an arms duel in Pensacola. Xx-8 gunboats commanded by Commodore Samuel Dupont occupied Fort Clinch at Fernandina Beach in March 1862. On March 11, the Union captured St. Augustine and Fort Marion.

Skirmish of the Brick Church [edit]

The first land engagement in Northeast Florida and showtime Confederate victory in Florida was the Skirmish of the Brick Church building, fought by the 3rd Florida Infantry, allowable by convention consul Col. William S. Dilworth.[46] Delegate Arthur J.T. Wright was an officeholder.[47]

Eastern Theater [edit]

fifth Florida Infantry flag

As a outcome of Florida's express strategic importance, the 2nd, 5th, and eighth Florida Infantries were sent to serve in the Eastern Theater in Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. They fought at 2d Manassas, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.

The 2nd Florida Infantry was first commanded by convention delegate One thousand. T. Ward. He participated in the Yorktown siege, and died after being shot at the Battle of Williamsburg, the first battle of the Peninsula Campaign.

Richard Chiliad. Call's son-in-law Theodore W. Brevard Jr. was captain of the 2nd's Company D, the "Leon Rifles" at Yorktown and Williamsburg, leaving shortly later on. Francis P. Fleming was a private in the 2nd. Convention delegate Thomas M. Palmer was the 2nd's surgeon.[48]

Roger A. Pryor commanded the 2nd during the Seven Days Battles. Later 2nd Manassas, Pryor wrote "The Second, Fifth and 8th (Florida) Regiments, though never nether burn down, exhibited the cool and collected courage of veterans."[49]

Delegate Andrew J. Lea was captain of the 5th'due south Company D. Delegates Thompson Bird Lamar and William T. Gregory served with the 5th at Antietam. Lamar was wounded and Gregory was killed.[50]

Perry's Florida Brigade [edit]

After Antietam, the 2nd, 5th, and 8th were grouped together nether Brig. Gen. Edward A. Perry. Perry's Florida Brigade served in Anderson'due south Division of the Start Corps under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet.[51]

At Fredericksburg, the eighth regiment, whose Company C was allowable by David Lang protected the city from General Ambrose Burnside, contesting Federal attempts to lay pontoon bridges across the Rappahannock River. An artillery beat out fragment struck the chimney of the edifice that Lang occupied, and a large clamper of masonry struck him in the caput, gravely injuring him. He was promoted to commander of the 8th.

After Chancellorsville, Perry was stricken with typhoid fever. Perry wrote "The firm and steadfast courage exhibited, especially by the Fifth and 2nd Florida Regiments, in the charge at Chancellorsville, attracted my attention."[49]

Lang took command of the Florida Brigade. The Florida Brigade served through the Gettysburg Campaign and twice charged Cemetery Ridge at Gettysburg, including supporting Pickett's Charge. It suffered heavy burn from Lt. Col. Freeman McGilvery's line of artillery, and lost nearly sixty% of its 700 plus soldiers when attacked on 1 flank by the 2nd Vermont Brigade of Brig. Gen. George J. Stannard.

Perry then returned to command of the Florida Brigade, leading it in the Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns.

Western Theater [edit]

In early 1862, the Amalgamated government pulled Full general Bragg'south small army from Pensacola post-obit successive Confederate defeats in Tennessee at Fort Donelson and Fort Henry and the fall of New Orleans. Information technology sent them to the Western Theater for the remainder of the war. Florida native Edmund Kirby Smith fought with Bragg.

The 1st and 3rd Florida Infantry Regiments joined Bragg in Tennessee. Convention delegate W. Grand. M. Davis raised the 1st Florida Cavalry and joined General Joseph E. Johnston in Tennessee. In December 1863, the 4th Florida Infantry was consolidated with the 1st Cavalry. Convention consul Daniel D. McLean was a second lieutenant in the quaternary's Company H, and died in service. The 7th Florida Infantry also fought with the Ground forces of Tennessee.

Battles in Florida [edit]

After Bragg'south troops left for Tennessee, the only Confederate forces remaining in Florida at that time were a variety of independent companies, several infantry battalions, and the 2nd Florida Cavalry, allowable by J. J. Dickison. On May twenty, Confederates ambushed a Matrimony landing party in Crooked River.

Tampa [edit]

The Union gunboat USSSagamore sailed upwards Tampa Bay to bombard Fort Brooke nether the control of John William Pearson on June 30, 1861. Representatives from both sides met under a flag of truce on a launch in the bay, where Pearson refused a Marriage demand that he unconditionally surrender. The Sagamore began bombarding the town that evening and the fort'due south defenders returned burn down, opening the Battle of Tampa. The steamship moved out of range of the fort'southward guns the adjacent morning and resumed burn for several hours earlier withdrawing. The engagement was inconclusive, as neither side scored a direct hit and there were no casualties.[52]

St. Johns Bluff [edit]

Jacksonville was occupied after the Battle of St. Johns Barefaced, a barefaced designed to stop the movement of Federal ships up the St. Johns River,[53] was won past John Milton Brannan and about i,500 infantry.

The flotilla arrived at the mouth of the St. John' s River on October 1, where Cdr. Charles Steedman' due south gunboats—Paul Jones, Cimarron, Uncas, Patroon, Unhurt, and Water Witch—joined them. Brannan landed troops at Mayport Mills. The Bluff held off the Naval squadron until the troops were landed to come up up behind it, the Confederates quietly abandoned the piece of work.

In January 1863, at that place was a skirmish at Township Landing with the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry. On March 9, 1863, 80 Confederates were driven off by 120 men of the 7th New Hampshire Volunteers virtually St. Augustine.

On 28 July 1863, Sagamore and USSPara attacked New Smyrna.

Fort Brooke [edit]

The Battle of Fort Brooke in October 1863 was the 2d and largest skirmish in Tampa during the Ceremonious State of war.[54] On Oct 15, 2 Union Navy ships, USSTahoma and USSAdela, bombarded Fort Brooke from positions in Tampa Bay out of the range of Amalgamated artillery. Nether the comprehend of shelling that connected intermittently for three days, a detachment of Union forces landed in cloak-and-dagger and marched several miles to where two blockade running ships owned by former Tampa mayor James McKay Sr. were hidden along the Hillsborough River. The Scottish Main, a steamship, and the sloop Kate Dale were burned at their moorings near nowadays mean solar day Lowry Park. Their mission accomplished, Union troops made their way to their landing signal simply were intercepted nigh present 24-hour interval Ballast Point Park by a pocket-sized strength consisting of Amalgamated cavalry from Fort Brooke along with local militia. A cursory but sharp skirmish erupted equally the raiding party attempted to board their boats and row back to the Tahoma, with the ship supporting the troops in the h2o by firing shells over their heads at the Confederates on shore. Virtually of the landing party successfully returned to the ship and both sides suffered about xx casualties.[52]

Tahoma returned to Tampa Bay and over again shelled Fort Brooke on Christmas Day 1863. The defenders prepared for some other landing merely none was forthcoming, and the send steamed abroad at nightfall.

By May 1864, all regular Amalgamated troops had been withdrawn from Tampa to reinforce beleaguered forces in more active theaters of state of war. Union forces landed without opposition on May 5 and seized or destroyed all arms pieces and other supplies left behind at Fort Brooke. They occupied the fort for about vi weeks, but equally the town of Tampa had been largely abandoned, they left in June, leaving the fort unoccupied for the duration of the war.[52]

Final years [edit]

The force remaining in Florida were reinforced in 1864 by troops from neighboring Georgia. Andersonville Prison house began in February 1864. Convention consul John C. Pelot was its pb surgeon.

Olustee [edit]

The Boxing of Olustee was the just major Civil War battle fought in Florida.

Quincy Gillmore selected Brigadier General Truman Seymour for an invasion of Florida, landing in Jacksonville on Feb 7.[55] Joseph Finegan skirmished with Union forces at Hairdresser'southward Ford and Lake Urban center on February ten and xi.[56] The only major engagement in Florida was at Olustee nearly Lake Urban center.[57] Matrimony forces under Seymour were repulsed past Finegan's Florida and Georgia troops and retreated to their fortifications around Jacksonville. Brevard'south Battalion fought with Finegan'southward Brigade at Olustee.

Seymour'southward relatively high losses caused Northern lawmakers and citizens to question the necessity of any further Union actions in militarily insignificant Florida. Many of the Federal troops were withdrawn and sent elsewhere. Throughout the residuum of 1864 and into the following spring, the 2nd Florida Cavalry repeatedly thwarted Federal raiding parties into the Confederate-held northern and key portions of the country.

The Skirmish at Cedar Creek shortly followed.[58] Perry had suffered wounds, and the three regiments of Perry's Brigade were consolidated into Finegan'due south Brigade, which included the 9th, 10th and 11th Infantries. Convention consul Green H. Hunter was captain of the 9th'south Company E. There was a skirmish at McGirt'due south Creek on March 1, 1864.

In March 1864, James McKay wrote the country to say he was unable to secure cattle as his blockade runners had been destroyed during the Battle of Fort Brooke.. C. J. Munnerlyn organized the 1st Florida Special Cavalry Battalion or "Cow Cavalry" in Apr made up of Florida crackers, including John T. Lesley, Francis A. Hendry and W. B. Henderson.[59]

Horse Landing [edit]

Capture of Columbine at Horse Landing

Convention delegate James O. Devall endemic General Sumpter, the first steamboat in Palatka, which was captured past USSColumbine in March 1864.[threescore] Palatka was occupied, and there were 2 spotter attacks in late March. Union troops utilized Sunny Point, and St. Mark's was used every bit a barracks.

The first mine casualty of the state of war was Maple Leaf at Jacksonville on Apr 1, 1864.[61] General Hunter was sunk on Apr 16, close to where Maple Leaf was sunk.[62]

On May 19, there was a skirmish with the 17th Connecticut in Welaka, and a skirmish in Saunders. On May 21, spy Lola Sanchez got air current of a Matrimony raid, and the Columbine was captured past Dickison's forces at the "Battle of Horse Landing".

New York's 14th cavalry lost in a skirmish at Cow Ford Creek on Apr 2. The 7th United States Colored Infantry fought in a skirmish at Camp Finnegan on May 25, and on the same day there was a skirmish at Jackson'south Bridge near Pensacola.

Camp Milton was captured on June 2, and Baldwin raided on July 23. The Wedlock would raid Florida's cattle. A skirmish at Trout Creek occurred on July 15. On July 24, William Birney was attacked by Chiliad. W. Scott and the 2nd Florida Cavalry at the South Fork of Black Creek.[63]

The Florida Brigade took office in the Overland Campaign. Perry was wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness. The Brigade was then at the Battle of Cold Harbor. The 11th was then reorganized with Brevard as commander.

The Brigade then fought at the Siege of Petersburg. At Weldon Railroad, Brevard learned of the decease of his blood brother, Mays Brevard. The Brigade also fought at the Battle of Ream's Station and the Battle of Globe Tavern. Lamar was shot off his horse by a Yankee sniper at Petersburg on Baronial 30.[64]

Gainesville [edit]

Confederates occupied Gainesville after the Battle of Gainesville.[65] On August 15, 1864, Col. Andrew Fifty. Harris of the 75th Ohio Mounted infantry left Baldwin with 173 officers and men from the Seventy-5th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The Wedlock troops on the way destroyed a spotter post on the New River. At Starke, the Union troops were joined by the 4th Massachusetts Cavalry and some Florida Unionists.[66] On August 17, 1864, Dickison was told that members of the Union Army had arrived at Starke and that they had burned Confederate train cars. Dickison proceeded to Gainesville, and attacked the Union troops from the rear.

Marianna [edit]

On September 27, 1864, Full general Alexander Asboth led a raid in Marianna, the home of Governor Milton and an important supply depot, and the Battle of Marianna ensued, with the Wedlock stunned at first but achieving a victory.[67] Convention consul Adam McNealy served in the Marianna Home Guard. Asboth was wounded, equally was dentist Thaddeus Hentz, not far from his female parent'due south grave, the famed novelist Caroline Lee Hentz, who wrote The Planter'due south Northern Bride, a pro-slavery rebuttal to Harriet Beecher Stowe's pop anti-slavery book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. The side by side day, Asboth's forces again ran into a boxing in Vernon.

On Oct eighteen at Pierce's Betoken south of Milton, Marriage troops were attacked by Confederates. In December 1864, there were skirmishes in Mitchell's Creek and Pine Barren Ford with the 82nd Colored Infantry.[68]

Braddock's Farm [edit]

Most Crescent Metropolis, there was the Battle of Braddock'southward Farm. Dickison caught the troops of the 17th Connecticut Infantry when they had just finished a raid, and when they charged, he shot their commander Albert Wilcoxson off his horse. When Dickison asked Wilcoxson why he charged, he responded, "Don't arraign yourself, you are merely doing your duty as a soldier. I solitary am to arraign."[69]

In Cedar Key, there was the Battle of Station 4.[lxx] The Battle of Fort Myers is known equally the "southernmost land battle of the Ceremonious State of war."[71] Confederate Maj. William Footman led 275 men of the "Cow Cavalry" to the fort under a flag of truce to demand give up. The fort's commander, Capt. James Doyle, refused, and the battle began.

Natural Bridge [edit]

In March 1865 Battle of Natural Bridge, a modest ring of Amalgamated troops and volunteers, mostly composed of teenagers from the nearby Florida Military and Collegiate Establish that would later become Florida State University, and the elderly, protected by breastworks, prevented a detachment of United States Colored Troops from crossing the Natural Span on the St. Marks River.[72]

Brevard took command of the Florida Brigade on March 22.

On April ane, Governor Milton committed suicide rather than submit to Union occupation.[73] In a final argument to the state legislature, he said Yankees "have adult a grapheme and then odious that decease would be preferable to reunion with them." He was replaced by convention delegate Abraham M. Allison.

Brevard was captured at the Battle of Crewman's Creek past General George Custer'due south cavalry.[74]

Surrender and immediate aftermath [edit]

Lang was again leading the Florida Brigade with Lee's ground forces when information technology formally surrendered at Appomattox Court Firm on April 9, 1865. Johnston surrendered at Bennett Identify on April 26, ending the war for the 89,270 soldiers in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

In early May 1865, Edward Grand. McCook'south Union segmentation was assigned to re-establish Federal control and authority in Florida. On May xiii, G.W. Scott surrendered the last agile Confederate troops in the land to McCook.

On May 20, General McCook read Lincoln'south Emancipation Declaration during a ceremony in Tallahassee, officially ending slavery in Florida. That same day, his celebrating troopers raised the U.South. flag over the state capitol building. Tallahassee was the penultimate Amalgamated state capital to rejoin the Matrimony. Austin, Texas, rejoined the adjacent month.

Yulee was imprisoned for helping Jefferson Davis escape, and Lesley hid Judah Benjamin in a swamp earlier he fled to the Chance Mansion.

Following the end of the Ceremonious State of war, Florida was role of the Tertiary Military District.[75]

Restoration to Matrimony [edit]

After meeting the requirements of Reconstruction, including ratifying amendments to the United states Constitution to abolish slavery and grant citizenship to former slaves, Florida'south representatives were readmitted to Congress. The state was fully restored to the U.s.a. on June 25, 1868. Convention consul E.C. Dear was a leader in restoring the Democratic Party in Florida.[n two]

Although the armed services forces in Florida were to leave on July 4, 1868 (following the restoration to the Union), Governor Reed requested the continuation of Spousal relationship forces.[77] Most nine years later, every bit role of the Compromise of 1877, in which Southern Democrats would acknowledge Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president, Republicans agreed to meet certain demands. One such demand that affected Florida was the removal of all US armed forces forces from the one-time Confederate states.[78] At the time, Usa troops remained in only Louisiana, Due south Carolina, and Florida, but the Compromise completed their withdrawal from the region.

See also [edit]

  • List of Florida Confederate Ceremonious War units
  • List of Florida Union Civil War units

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The Muscogee (Creeks) and other Indians were classified below the free people of color and above slaves.[3]
  2. ^ His business firm still stands.[76]

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Brown, Canter. Tampa in Civil State of war & Reconstruction, Academy of Tampa Printing, 2000. ISBN 978-i-879852-68-6.
  • Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Ceremonious War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-three.
  • Johns, John Edwin. Florida During the Civil State of war (University of Florida Printing, 1963)
  • Murphree, R. Boyd. "Florida and the Ceremonious War: A Curt History" State Athenaeum of Florida.
  • Nulty, William H. Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee (University of Alabama Press, 1994)
  • Revels, Tracy J. Florida's Civil State of war: Terrible Sacrifices (Mercer University Press, 2016). xx, 197 pp
  • Taylor, Paul. Discovering the Ceremonious War in Florida: A Reader and Guide (2nd edition). Sarasota, Fl. Pineapple Printing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-56164-529-nine
  • U.S. War Section, The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Spousal relationship and Confederate Armies, lxx volumes in 4 serial. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Function, 1880-1901.

External links [edit]

  • Missive at A History of Central Florida Podcast
  • Florida and the Civil War, open access digital collection of materials from the PK Yonge Library of Florida History
  • Florida Memory Project - Land Archives
  • National Park Service map of Civil War sites in Florida
  • Periodical of the Secession Convention

Coordinates: 28°06′N 81°36′W  /  28.1°N 81.half-dozen°W  / 28.1; -81.6

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War

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